Part I: CEDAW

Produced by the Kathryn and Shelby Cullom Davis Institute for International Studies Published by The Heritage Foundation 214 Massachusetts Ave., N.E. Washington, D.C. 20002-4999 (202) 546-4400 http://www.heritage.org

Main Web Gates to CEDAW Committee Reports
http://www.un.org/womenwatc/daw/cedaw 
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/cedaw/cedaws.htm 

Algeria

To Algeria the U.N. "recommends the creation of child-care centers and kindergartens in sufficient numbers to allow women to reconcile their family and professional responsibilities."  ¹

Armenia

"The Committee strongly urged the Government to use the education system and the electronic media to combat the traditional stereotype of women "in the noble role of mother" and to raise awareness of the role of men in caring and their responsibility for parenting."  ²

Azerbaijan

To Azerbaijan the UN, "encourages the elaboration of a national plan of action…and suggests close cooperation with non-governmental organizations working in the field of human rights and other representatives of civil society to enhance gender awareness and to promote the campaign to combat traditional stereotypes regarding the roles of women and men." ³

Belarus

The U.N. "is concerned by the continuing prevalence of sex-role stereotypes, as also exemplified by . . .such symbols as a Mothers’ Day and a Mothers’ Award, which it sees as encouraging women’s traditional roles. It is also concerned whether the introduction of human rights and gender education aimed at countering such stereotyping is being effectively implemented."  ⁴

To Belarus the U.N. continues with the same concern it expressed to Ireland: "that the [Belarus] legislation, in particular with regard to the women’s role in the labor market, appears to be overly protective of women as mothers and thus creates further obstacles to women’s participation in the labor market."  ⁵

Belarus is urged by the U.N. to "increase affordable contraceptive choices for women and men so as to increase the use of contraception."  ⁶

Belize

"The Committee is concerned at the differential treatment of married, common-law and "visiting" spouses under common law with regard to the distribution of matrimonial property following the breakup of the relationship."  ⁷

"The Committee is also concerned about the economic situation of women and, especially, their low, and falling, labor force participation, which is indicative of the denial of equal opportunities to women in the labor force. Sixty per cent of women are not in the labor force. The lack of child care increases women’s disadvantage in the labor market."  ⁸

Bulgaria

The U.N. encourages Bulgaria "to implement its intention to cooperate at the regional and international levels with regard to the problem of trafficking in women and their exploitation through prostitution. [The U.N.] suggests that in order to tackle the problem of trafficking in women, it is essential to address women’s economic vulnerability, which is the root cause of the problem."  ⁹

Chile

"[The U.N.] urges the Government to consider a review and amendment of the laws relating to abortion, in particular to provide safe abortion and to permit termination of pregnancy for therapeutic reasons or because of the health, including mental health, of the woman."  ¹⁰ 

China

"The Committee recommends decriminalization of prostitution. Given the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the Committee also recommends that due attention be paid to health services for women in prostitution. The Government is also urged to take measures for the rehabilitation and reintegration of prostitutes into society." ¹¹

But the U.N. indicates that it also prefers the regulation of Greece to the criminalization of China: "The Committee is concerned that prostitution, which is often a result of poverty and economic deprivation, is illegal in China." ¹²

To China: "The Committee notes with concern that China has entered seven reservations and declarations in respect of the provision of the Convention as applied to Hong Kong. Of particular concern is the reservation exempting "the affairs of religious denominations or orders" from the scope of the Convention." ¹³

Colombia

To Colombia the U.N. "recommends that appropriate measures be taken to improve the status of working women, including through the establishment of child-care centers and the introduction for training programmes, to promote the integration of women into the labour force and diversify their participation through the implementation of legislative measures and through greater efforts to achieve equal pay for work of equal value."  ¹⁴

To Colombia, the U.N., "recommends that a systematic effort be made to educate the population on gender issues by all possible methods and in all sectors and that programs be developed with the aim of raising the awareness of media personnel with respect to equality of men and women, with a view to eradicating sexist stereotypes in all media." ¹⁵

Croatia

"The Committee is particularly concerned about the consistent emphasis placed on women’s roles as mothers and caregivers in Croatian legislation pertaining to a variety of areas."  ¹⁶

To Croatia the U.N. expresses its concern because of "the refusal, by some hospitals, to provide abortions on the basis of conscientious objection of doctors. [The U.N.] considers this to be an infringement of women’s reproductive rights." ¹⁷

"The Committee expresses concern that there is evidence that church related organizations adversely influence the government’s policies concerning women and thereby impede full implementation of the Convention." ¹⁸

Czech Republic

"The Committee also notes with concern the increase in over-protective measures for pregnancy and motherhood….It also noted that the cultural glorification of women’s family roles could exacerbate the negative impact of economic rationalization policies on women."  ¹⁹

"[The UN] strongly recommends the formulation and implementation of effective policies to combat prostitution and trafficking of women. [And] suggests that measures to combat these crimes require not only services to victims and sanctions for perpetrators, but the design and implementation of comprehensive national social and economic policies to create new opportunities for women. It therefore recommends that the Government take effective action to combat feminization of poverty and to improve the economic situation of women in order to prevent trafficking and prostitution." ²⁰

Dominican Republic

To the Dominican Republic the U.N. recommends that "the Government continue its efforts to mainstream a gender perspective in all its reforms." ²¹

Georgia

"The Committee notes with concern the persistence of a patriarchal culture, the prevalence of stereotyped roles of women in Government policies, in the family, in public life based on patterns of behavior and attitudes that overemphasize the role of women as mothers."  ²²

Germany

For Germany the U.N. was "concerned that measures aimed at the reconciliation of family and work entrench stereotypical expectations for women and men. In that regard the committee is concerned with the unmet need for kindergarten places for the 03 age group."  ²³

"The [U.N.] is concerned that although they are legally obliged to pay taxes, prostitutes still do not enjoy the protection of labor and social law."  ²⁴

Greece

With its feedback to Greece the U.N. gives a clearer indication of its ultimate policy direction and notes "positively the fact that prostitution is decriminalized and instead is dealt with in a regulatory manner, [but that the U.N.] is concerned that inadequate structures exist to ensure compliance with the regulatory framework…" ²⁵

Indonesia

The U.N. "expresses great concern about existing social, religious and cultural norms that recognize men as the head of the family and breadwinner and confine women to the roles of mother and wife, which are reflected in various laws, Government policies and guidelines. It is unclear what steps the Government is proposing to take to modify such attitudes, which present a serious obstacle to the advancement of women in Indonesia."  ²⁶

The Committee "notes with concern that the predominant view appears to be that married women might provide supplemental income for a family, but there is very little emphasis on the right of a woman to develop a career of her own."  ²⁷

The U.N., "requests that in its next report, the Government of Indonesia provide information about government-supported women’s studies programs and centers. The Committee also requests information on Government efforts to revise textbooks to reflect values of gender equality." ²⁸

"The committee expresses the view that cultural and religious values cannot be allowed to undermine the universality of women’s rights."  ²⁹

Ireland

To Ireland, a nation now experiencing a very quick disintegration of the family, a massive rise in out of wedlock births and all the social problems that accompany such: rise in crime, welfare dependence, and addictions the UN, "expresses its concern about the continuing existence, in article 41.2 of the Irish Constitution, of concepts that [they say] reflect a `stereotypical view" of the role of women in the home and as mothers."  ³⁰

To Ireland, the U.N. urges the government to, "improve family planning services and the availability of contraception, including for teenagers and young adults."  ³¹

The U.N. "requests that the next report provide sex disaggregated data on academic personnel in the universities, as well as information on the activities and programs on women’s studies centers, particularly with respect to whether or not they grant degrees and to what extent gender and women’s studies courses are integrated into the curricula of conventional disciplines in tertiary education." ³²

Of Ireland the U.N. also asked that the government "ensure, through various means and channels, that gender training is not only an integral part of law school curricula but that it is also part of the continuing education of legal professionals and the judiciary. It also encourages the Government to ensure that an adequate number of women are selected for appointment to specialized courts such as, for example, family courts." ³³

Italy

The U.N. targets Italy also with the same accusation and, "expressed particular concern with regard to the limited availability of abortion services for women in southern Italy, as a result of the high incidence of conscientious objection among doctors and hospital personnel." ³⁴

Kyrgyzstan

The U.N. announces that it "is concerned about the prevalence of patriarchal culture and the continuing emphasis on the traditional roles of women exclusively as mothers and wives."  ³⁵

Libya

"In some countries the Shariah had been interpreted in a more progressive way, as result of the political will of the Government. The Koran permitted the ijtihad for the interpretation of the Islamic religion. Therefore, efforts should be made to proceed to an interpretation of the Shariah that was permissible and did not block the advancement of women. The Government was urged to take a leading role in its interpretation of the Shariah as a model for other Islamic countries. Reservations that were incompatible with the goals of the Convention were not acceptable." ³⁶

"Implementation of an anti-discrimination policy required that policies be coherent even though they touched upon religious and ideological issues. True gender equality did not allow for varying interpretations of obligations under international legal norms depending on internal religious rules, traditions and customs." ³⁷

Liechtenstein

The U.N. recommends that: "a review be made of the law relating to prostitution to ensure that prostitutes are not penalized." ³⁸

Mexico

"All states of Mexico should review their legislation so that, where necessary, women are granted access to rapid and easy abortion."  ³⁹

And the Mexican federal government should not only "consider the advisability of revising the legislation criminalizing abortion" but the U.N. also brazenly — brazen, in light of the laws and culture of the nation and the CEDAW Beijing and Beijing +5 conferences, — "suggests that it weigh the possibility of authorizing the use of the RU-486 contraceptive, which is cheap and easy to use, as soon as it becomes available."  ⁴⁰

The U.N. also pushes for the legalization of prostitution in Mexico and "recommends that the Government address the matter of whether it intends to legalize prostitution and whether this issue has been subject to public debate in its next report. It strongly recommends that new legislation should not discriminate against prostitutes but should punish pimps and procurers." ⁴¹

New Zealand

The U.N. wants the government of New Zealand, to "recognize maternity as a social function which must not constitute a structural disadvantage for women with regard to their employment rights."  ⁴²

Norway

"The Committee is especially concerned with provisions in the Norwegian legislation to exempt certain religious communities from compliance with the equal rights law. Since women often face greater discrimination in family and personal affairs in certain communities and in religion, they asked the Government to amend the Norwegian Equal Status Act to eliminate exceptions based on religion." ⁴³

Peru

To Peru the U.N. "expresses concern at the … lack of access to adequate contraception among … teenage girls."  ⁴⁴

To Peru, an overwhelmingly Roman Catholic country, the U.N. uses an argument known to be effective in the early stages of a national abortion debate and "stresses that criminalizing abortion does not discourage abortions, but rather has the effect of making the procedure unsafe and dangerous for women."  ⁴⁵

To Peru the U.N., "recommends, as a matter of priority, the inclusion in gender equality programs of a component to promote the gradual elimination of such harmful stereotypes, and a general awareness-raising campaign to eradicate them." ⁴⁶

Philippines

To the Philippines the U.N. "suggested that measures for dealing with prostitution should focus on penalizing traffickers and creating alternative job opportunities for the women." ⁴⁷

Slovakia

"The decrease in pre-school childcare is particularly detrimental to women’s equal opportunity in the employment market since, owing to lack of childcare, they have to interrupt their employment career."  ⁴⁸

To Slovakia, the U.N. "recommends that [it] provide options to women who have children and choose to work, including establishment of and access to public day-care facilities. The Committee further recommends the funding and support of pre-school child-care centers at both the local and national levels to ensure women the opportunity to work."  ⁴⁹

Slovenia

"The Committee recommended the creation of more formal and institutionalized child-care establishments for children under three years of age as well as for those from three to six."  ⁵⁰

Thailand

To Thailand the U.N., "urges that a review be made of laws and policies and school text books in order to remove gender stereotypes. It also recommends that the media be encouraged to portray girls and women in non-stereotyped ways." ⁵¹

 

Part II: CRC

Major Web Gate to CRC Committee Reports
http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu2/6/crc/crcs.htm

Algeria

To Algeria the U.N. urges that "systematic training and retraining programs on the rights of the child be organized for professional groups working with and for children, such as judges, lawyers, magistrates, law enforcement personnel, army officials, teachers, school managers, health personnel, social workers, officials of central or local administrations and personnel of child-care institutions."  ⁵²

Armenia

The U.N. recommends that it "develop a comprehensive system for collecting desegregated data as a basis to assess progress achieved in the realization of children’s rights and to help design policies to implement the Convention."  ⁵³

To Armenia it also urges "the State to promote and facilitate within the family, the school, care institutions, and the courts respect for the views of children, and their participation in all matters affecting them in accordance with Article 12 of the Convention. …develop skills-training programs in community settings, for teachers, social workers, and for local officials in assisting children to make and express their informed decisions; and to have these views taken into consideration."  ⁵⁴

Australia

The U.N. urges Australia to "review its legislation and make paid maternity leave mandatory for employers in all sectors, in the light of the principle of the best interests of the child."  ⁵⁵

Austria

The U.N. is concerned that "Austrian Law and regulations do not provide a legal minimum age for medical counseling and treatment without parental consent. [and] is concerned that the requirement of a referral to the courts will dissuade children from seeking medical attention and be prejudicial to the best interests of the child."  ⁵⁶

Barbados

To Barbados the U.N. scolds: "In spite of efforts to increase attention to early childhood education, the Committee remains concerned that the number of child-care centers is not enough to serve all children concerned. . . The Committee encourages the State party to continue its efforts to provide sufficient numbers of child-care services and to consider the possibility of setting up child-care facilities at the workplace for public employees, thus facilitating breastfeeding practices."  ⁵⁷

Belize

To Belize, the U.N. recommends that it "undertake legislative reform with a view to ensuring that fathers are also made responsible for the registration of their children and that children born out of wedlock are guaranteed their right to preservation of identity, name and family relations."  ⁵⁸

To the small country of Belize the U.N. scolds and "expresses grave concern that corporal punishment is still widely practiced within the [country]and that domestic legislation does not prohibit its use within schools, the family, the juvenile justice and alternative care systems and generally within the society. In this regard, the Committee recommends that the State party take all appropriate measures, including of a legislative nature, to prohibit corporal punishment within school, the family, the juvenile justice and alternative care systems and generally within the society."  ⁵⁹

To Belize the U.N. recommends that legal mechanisms be set up to help children challenge their parents violation of their rights, and "suggests that an independent child-friendly mechanism be made accessible to children to deal with complaints of violations of their rights and to provide remedies for such violations."  ⁶⁰

The Committee on the Rights of the Child is, "concerned that the law does not allow children, particularly adolescents, to seek medical or legal counseling without parental consent, even when it is in the best interests of the child."  ⁶¹

Ethiopia

The U.N. argued that the Ethiopian government change its law so that "the limitation of the right to legal counsel of children be abolished as a matter of priority."  ⁶²

Japan

The U.N. Committee on the Rights of the Child recommended to the Japanese government that "the State party introduce additional measures, including legislative ones, to guarantee the child’s right to privacy, especially in the family." ⁶³

Kuwait

The U.N. recommends that the government of Islamic Kuwait "take all appropriate measures to create an adequate framework that would facilitate the choice of a woman or couple to whom a child is born out of wedlock to keep and raise the child." ⁶⁴

Libya

To Libya the U.N. recommends that abolish the use of the term "illegitimate children" in its legislation, policies, programs, regulations, and administrative instructions."  ⁶⁵

Macedonia

To Macedonia: "promote adolescent health policies and strengthen reproductive health education and counseling services, including with regard to … pregnancy among girls and abortion."  ⁶⁶

Maldives

To the Maldives: "promote adolescent health policies and programs by, inter alia, strengthening reproductive-health education and counseling services."  ⁶⁷

Mali

To Mali, the very poor nation which is struggling to rise to the level of minimum economic prosperity, the U.N. suggests it allocate "adequate human and financial resources, to develop youth-friendly counseling, care and rehabilitation facilities for adolescents that would be accessible without parental consent, where this is in the best interests of the child."  ⁶⁸

New Zealand

"[The U.N. recommends] that a study of the projected needs of single-parent families be made . . . and that measures be taken to supplement those already in place to avoid potential negative consequences for these children and their parents in the future."  ⁶⁹

Russia

To Russia: "Ensure access for adolescents to sex education, including information about contraception."  ⁷⁰

St. Kitts

To the island nation of St. Kitts the U.N. expresses "concern at the apparent lack of legal protection with respect to the rights . . .of children born out of wedlock." ⁷¹

Uganda

To Uganda: "Strengthen family planning and reproductive health educational programs, including for adolescents."  ⁷²

United Kingdom

To the United Kingdom: "…the Committee is concerned that insufficient attention has been given to the right of the child to express his/her opinion, including in cases where parents in England and Wales have the possibility of withdrawing their children from parts of the sex education programmes in school. In this as in other decisions, including exclusion from school, the child is not systematically invited to express his/her opinion and those opinions many not be given due weight, as required under article 12 of the Convention." ⁷³ 

Yemen

To Yemen: "[The U.N.] is particularly concerned at … insufficient access to reproductive health education and counseling services for teenagers, including outside schools. . . [and] recommends that [Yemen] promote adolescent health policies and strengthen reproductive health education and counseling services."  ⁷⁴

---

 Endnotes

1 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Algeria," Para. 88. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.41-94.En?OpenDocument 

 2 CEDAW Committee, 17th Sess. (1997), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Armenia," Para. 65. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.52.38.Rev.1,PartIIparas.35-68.En?OpenDocument 

 3 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Azerbaijan," Para. 71. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.37-79.En?OpenDocument 

 4 CEDAW Committee, 22nd Sess. (2000), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Belarus," Para. 361. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.55.38,+paras.334-378.En?OpenDocument 

 5 CEDAW Committee, 22nd Sess. (2000), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Belarus," Para. 359. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.55.38,+paras.334-378.En?OpenDocument 

 6 CEDAW Committee, 22nd Sess. (2000), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Belarus," Para. 359. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.55.38,+paras.334-378.En?OpenDocument 

 7 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Belize," Para. 63. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.31-69.En?OpenDocument 

 8 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Belize," Para. 54. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.31-69.En?OpenDocument 

 9 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Bulgaria," Para. 256. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.208-261.En?OpenDocument 

 10 Chile 29, CEDAW 1999, 21st Session

 11 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : China," Para. 289. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.251-336.En?OpenDocument 

 12 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : China," Para. 288. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.251-336.En?OpenDocument 

 13 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : China," Para. 314. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.251-336.En?OpenDocument 

 14 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Colombia," Para. 388. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.337-401.En?OpenDocument 

 15 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Colombia," Para. 382. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.337-401.En?OpenDocument 

 16 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Croatia," Para. 103. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.80-119.En?OpenDocument 

 17 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Croatia," Para. 109. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.80-119.En?OpenDocument 

 18 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Croatia," Para. 108. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.80-119.En?OpenDocument 

 19 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Czech Republic," Para. 196. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.167-207.En?OpenDocument 

 20 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Czech Republic," Para. 204. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.167-207.En?OpenDocument 

 21 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Dominican Republic," Para. 342. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.312-353.En?OpenDocument 

 22 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Georgia," Para. 99. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.70-116.En?OpenDocument 

 23 CEDAW Committee, 22nd Sess. (2000), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Germany," Para. 313. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.55.38,+paras.287-333.En?OpenDocument 

 24 CEDAW Committee, 22nd Sess. (2000), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Germany," Para. 325. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.55.38,+paras.287-333.En?OpenDocument 

 25 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Greece," Para. 197. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.172-212.En?OpenDocument 

 26 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Indonesia," Para. 289. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.262-311.En?OpenDocument 

 27 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Indonesia," Para. 292. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.262-311.En?OpenDocument 

 28 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Indonesia," Para.306. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.262-311.En?OpenDocument 

 29 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Indonesia," Para. 282. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.262-311.En?OpenDocument 

 30 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Ireland," Para. 193. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.161-201.En?OpenDocument 

 31 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Indonesia," Para. 186. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.161-201.En?OpenDocument 

 32 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Ireland," Para. 197. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.161-201.En?OpenDocument 

 33 CEDAW Committee, 21st Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Ireland," Para. 199. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.161-201.En?OpenDocument 

 34 CEDAW Committee, 17th Sess. (1997), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Italy," Para. 353. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.52.38.Rev.1,PartIIparas.322-364.En?OpenDocument 

 35 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Kyrgyzstan," Para. 120. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.95-142.En?OpenDocument 

 36 CEDAW Committee, 13th Sess. (1995), "Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women- Supplement No. 38 (A/49/38)," Para. 132. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/49/plenary/a49-38.htm 

 37 CEDAW Committee, 13th Sess. (1995), "Report of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women- Supplement No. 38 (A/49/38)," Para. 135. http://www.un.org/documents/ga/docs/49/plenary/a49-38.htm 

 38 CEDAW Committee, 20th Sess. (1999), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Liechtenstein," Para. 168. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.54.38,+paras.143-171.En?OpenDocument 

 39 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Mexico," Para. 426. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.354-427.En?OpenDocument 

 40 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Mexico," Para. 408. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.354-427.En?OpenDocument 

 41 CEDAW Committee, 18th Sess. (1998), " Concluding Observations of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women : Mexico," Para. 414. http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/(Symbol)/A.53.38,+paras.354-427.En?OpenDocument 

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